Nattokinase is an enzyme derived from natto, a traditional Japanese food made from fermented soybeans. This enzyme has gained significant attention in recent years for its role in supporting cardiovascular health and its potential as a nootropic. Originating from Bacillus subtilis, the bacteria responsible for fermenting soybeans into natto, nattokinase is noted for its fibrinolytic (clot-dissolving) abilities, which have been associated with benefits for circulation and blood flow. This article explores the biochemical properties of nattokinase, its physiological mechanisms, potential nootropic benefits, recommended dosages, side effects, interactions, and other essential considerations for its use as a supplement.
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Sources of Nattokinase
Nattokinase is predominantly found in natto, which is one of the richest dietary sources of the enzyme. This traditional Japanese food is prepared through fermentation, a process in which soybeans are fermented by Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The fermentation process not only produces nattokinase but also results in high levels of vitamin K2, probiotics, and other beneficial compounds. However, nattokinase is now also available as a standalone supplement in various forms, including capsules and powders, allowing individuals who do not consume natto to benefit from its properties.
Chemistry of Nattokinase
Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme with a specific structure that enables it to break down fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting. The enzyme is composed of a sequence of amino acids that form an active site capable of hydrolyzing fibrin, converting it into smaller molecules. This action is similar to that of plasmin, the body’s natural clot-dissolving enzyme, which helps to maintain healthy blood flow. Structurally, nattokinase is similar to other fibrinolytic enzymes but has been shown to be more resistant to inactivation by stomach acids, making it effective as an oral supplement.
When ingested, nattokinase enters the bloodstream and begins to act on fibrin, thereby supporting blood vessel function and circulation. Unlike traditional blood-thinning medications, which inhibit platelet aggregation or clot formation, nattokinase promotes the breakdown of clots after they form. This makes it a unique agent for supporting cardiovascular health and possibly for enhancing blood flow to the brain, which may underlie its emerging nootropic potential.
Physiological Mechanisms of Nattokinase in the Body and Brain
The primary mechanism by which nattokinase acts is through fibrinolysis, or the breakdown of fibrin, a protein that can accumulate in blood vessels, contributing to clot formation. Nattokinase’s fibrinolytic activity may improve blood flow and support cardiovascular health, which indirectly impacts cognitive health as well. By promoting circulation, nattokinase may help ensure that the brain receives sufficient oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for optimal cognitive function.
Additionally, research suggests that nattokinase’s impact on blood viscosity could reduce the risk of vascular issues, such as stroke, which are associated with cognitive decline. Enhanced circulation is particularly beneficial for brain health, as consistent blood flow can prevent ischemic conditions that damage neurons and impair mental clarity. Although nattokinase is not classified as a nootropic in the traditional sense, its vascular support properties indirectly support brain health and cognitive resilience by promoting an optimal internal environment for neuronal function.
Nootropic Benefits of Nattokinase
While not a conventional nootropic, nattokinase may support cognitive health through mechanisms that enhance vascular function and circulation. Here are some key ways it can benefit brain health:
- Improved Cerebral Circulation: One of the main benefits of nattokinase is its ability to promote circulation by dissolving fibrin and preventing clot formation. This effect can support blood flow to the brain, ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Enhanced cerebral circulation may contribute to improved mental clarity, focus, and cognitive endurance, especially in aging populations or individuals with reduced blood flow to the brain. In addition, maintaining good circulation in the brain can also support overall brain function, helping to prevent fatigue and mental fog, which are common with age or poor circulation. By improving blood flow, nattokinase may provide long-term cognitive support and contribute to better performance in daily tasks that require mental effort.
- Neuroprotection through Cardiovascular Health: Cardiovascular health is closely tied to cognitive health, as poor heart health often correlates with cognitive decline. By supporting cardiovascular function, nattokinase may indirectly help protect against age-related cognitive decline, as well as conditions that impair memory and focus. For those at risk of vascular-related cognitive issues, nattokinase may provide a neuroprotective benefit by maintaining healthy blood flow to brain tissues. The strengthening of the cardiovascular system could also reduce the risk of developing conditions such as vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, both of which are linked to poor blood circulation and heart health. By optimizing cardiovascular health, nattokinase may serve as an effective preventative measure for individuals looking to preserve both heart and brain health over the long term.
- Reduction of Neuroinflammation: Research into nattokinase has suggested that it may have anti-inflammatory effects, which could play a role in reducing neuroinflammation, a contributing factor to cognitive decline. While this effect is not fully established in human studies, the potential for nattokinase to mitigate inflammation-related cognitive issues is promising. Chronic inflammation in the brain can impair synaptic function and contribute to memory loss, so nattokinase’s potential to alleviate this inflammation could provide substantial neuroprotective benefits. Additionally, reducing neuroinflammation might help improve mood regulation and cognitive functions, such as attention and problem-solving, making it particularly valuable for individuals with neurodegenerative conditions or cognitive disorders linked to inflammation.
- Reduced Risk of Stroke and Ischemic Events: Stroke and other ischemic events can lead to severe cognitive impairment. By reducing fibrin buildup and supporting blood vessel health, nattokinase may lower the risk of such events, thereby supporting long-term cognitive resilience. Nattokinase’s ability to prevent clot formation can help prevent blockages in critical brain vessels, which, if left untreated, could lead to cognitive deficits and motor impairments. In addition, by promoting the dissolution of existing clots, nattokinase may aid in the recovery process after a stroke or ischemic event, contributing to better neurological function and reducing the potential for lasting cognitive damage. By supporting vascular health, nattokinase may offer an effective strategy for reducing the risk of stroke and its associated cognitive effects.
Dosage and Supplementation Guidelines
The optimal dosage of nattokinase varies depending on the intended purpose. Clinical studies often use doses ranging from 100 to 400 mg per day, usually in 2,000 fibrinolytic units (FU) per 100 mg as a measure of enzymatic activity. However, because nattokinase is active in the bloodstream for up to 8 hours, splitting the dosage into two administrations per day can help maintain consistent fibrinolytic activity.
- Cardiovascular Support: For general cardiovascular health, 100 to 200 mg per day is a typical dosage recommendation. This amount may help prevent excessive fibrin buildup and support normal blood flow.
- Nootropic Support: To potentially support cognitive health and brain circulation, a moderate dose of 100 to 200 mg daily may be effective, although more research is needed to establish an optimal dose for nootropic benefits.
- Supplement Forms: Nattokinase supplements are available in capsule and tablet forms, with activity levels typically indicated in fibrinolytic units (FU) rather than milligrams. Some supplements combine nattokinase with other circulatory support ingredients, such as grape seed extract or vitamin K2, though such combinations should be used with caution due to potential interactions.
Side Effects and Safety
Nattokinase is generally well-tolerated when used at recommended doses; however, some users may experience side effects, particularly if they are taking higher-than-recommended doses or combining it with other blood-thinning agents.
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, bloating, or mild gastrointestinal discomfort can occur, especially if nattokinase is taken without food. It is recommended to take the supplement with a meal to minimize these effects.
- Excessive Bleeding or Bruising: As a fibrinolytic enzyme, nattokinase can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly in individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications. Symptoms like excessive bruising or bleeding from minor injuries may indicate the need to adjust the dosage or discontinue use.
- Hypotension: Nattokinase can lower blood pressure in some individuals, which may be a concern for those with hypotension or those taking blood pressure medications.
Interactions with Other Supplements and Medications
Nattokinase can interact with a range of medications and supplements, especially those with anticoagulant or blood pressure-lowering effects. The following interactions should be considered:
- Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs: Due to its blood-thinning properties, nattokinase should not be combined with anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) or antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin) without medical supervision, as this can increase the risk of bleeding complications.
- Blood Pressure Medications: Nattokinase may enhance the effects of blood pressure-lowering medications, potentially leading to hypotension. Individuals taking such medications should monitor their blood pressure regularly when using nattokinase.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E: Both omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E have mild blood-thinning effects, and combining them with nattokinase could increase bleeding risks. It is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before combining these supplements.
- Other Fibrinolytic Enzymes: Some supplements contain other fibrinolytic enzymes like serrapeptase or lumbrokinase. Taking multiple fibrinolytic agents can increase the risk of side effects related to blood thinning and should generally be avoided.
Risks for Individuals with Certain Health Conditions
Nattokinase supplementation may not be suitable for individuals with specific health conditions:
- Bleeding Disorders: Individuals with hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, or other bleeding disorders should avoid nattokinase due to the risk of excessive bleeding.
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: The effects of nattokinase during pregnancy and breastfeeding have not been well-studied, and it is generally recommended that these populations avoid nattokinase supplementation unless advised by a healthcare provider.
- Surgery: Those planning to undergo surgery should discontinue nattokinase at least two weeks prior to the procedure to reduce bleeding risk.
Should You Consider Nattokinase as a Nootropic?
While nattokinase is not a conventional nootropic, its ability to support circulation and cardiovascular health may provide indirect cognitive benefits by enhancing cerebral blood flow. Its fibrinolytic action can help prevent vascular issues that contribute to cognitive decline, and its potential neuroprotective properties make it a compelling addition to a brain-supportive regimen, particularly for those focused on long-term cognitive health. However, because of its blood-thinning effects, nattokinase requires caution in individuals taking anticoagulants or with certain health conditions. As with any supplement, consulting a healthcare provider before starting nattokinase, particularly for its potential nootropic benefits, is advisable.
References:
- Health Benefits of Nattokinase. Retrieved from: https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-nattokinase
- Nattokinase – Purported Benefits, Side Effects, and More. Retrieved from: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/nattokinase
- Does Nattokinase Have a Role in Supporting Heart Health?. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-nattokinase-89831
- Nattokinase: An Oral Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Retrieved from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5372539/
Important Note: The information contained in this article is for general informational purposes only, and should not be construed as health or medical advice, nor is it intended to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure any disease or health condition. Before embarking on any diet, fitness regimen, or program of nutritional supplementation, it is advisable to consult your healthcare professional in order to determine its safety and probable efficacy in terms of your individual state of health.
Regarding Nutritional Supplements Or Other Non-Prescription Health Products: If any nutritional supplements or other non-prescription health products are mentioned in the foregoing article, any claims or statements made about them have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and such nutritional supplements or other health products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
