PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a chemical found in a variety of foods, including green tea and fermented soybeans. PQQ has been examined for its possible health benefits, particularly in relation to cognitive function. It has acquired appeal as a nootropic pill due to its ability to improve alertness, focus, and cognition. We will look at the chemistry of PQQ, its physiological mode of action on the body and brain, as well as the potential health advantages, ideal dosage, side effects, substance interactions, and its best responsible use.
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The Nature of PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)
PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) is a natural chemical present in foods such as green tea and fermented soybeans. PQQ can also be easily found in fruits and vegetables. It is believed to bring several health benefits which in particular have a relation to cognitive function.
Health Benefits of PQQ
Numerous research have been conducted to study the possible health advantages of PQQ, notably in terms of cognitive function. The following are some of the most promising findings:
- Cognitive Improvement: PQQ has been shown in animal studies and human clinical trials to increase cognitive performance. A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled research of 71 elderly persons discovered that daily PQQ supplementation improved short-term memory and attention compared to placebo.
- Neuroprotection: PQQ has been shown in animal research and in vitro experiments to protect against neurotoxicity. It has the ability to protect neurons from oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, all of which are linked to neurodegenerative disorders.
- Cardiovascular Health: PQQ has been shown in animal studies and human clinical trials to improve cardiovascular function. It has been shown to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- PQQ has been found to enhance the immune system by increasing cytokine production and stimulating immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes.
Chemistry of PQQ
PQQ is a redox cofactor with a structure comparable to vitamin K which is also known as a quinone. It is a tiny molecule with two pyrroloquinoline rings connected by a methylene bridge and a quinone group. The quinone group can be reduced to generate a hydroquinone which is a more stable form of PQQ.
PQQ is a key cofactor in many biological redox processes due to its great capacity to donate and accept electrons. It is also an effective antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress.
Physiological Mechanism of Action of PQQ
Nonetheless, PQQ’s exact mode of action is not fully known. PQQ is thought to work on mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles within cells. PQQ has the ability to induce the formation of new mitochondria, a process known as mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial biogenesis is essential for maintaining good mitochondrial function.
PQQ has also been shown to interact with a variety of enzymes and proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways, which can influence gene expression and, as a result, cellular function. These effects may help to explain PQQ’s cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective properties.
Optimal Dosage of PQQ
Research that involves PQQ are still in their early phases. Hence, there is no recognized ideal PQQ dosage. However, in most human investigations, dosages ranging from 10 to 20 mg per day were employed, and no deleterious effects were recorded at these levels. It is best to begin with a smaller dose and gradually increase as needed.
Side Effects of PQQ
PQQ is widely regarded as safe and tolerable, with no substantial adverse effects observed in human research. However, some users have reported moderate gastrointestinal problems such as nausea and stomach discomfort, which normally go away with sustained use.
Potential Substance Interactions with PQQ
There are currently no recognized drug interactions with PQQ. However, like with any vitamin or drug, it is best to consult with a healthcare practitioner before mixing it with others to prevent any unwanted side effects.
Best Responsible Use of PQQ
As with any vitamin, the most appropriate way to use PQQ is to use it as a supplement in addition to a healthy lifestyle rather than merely for cognitive development. To optimize cognitive performance, PQQ should be used in conjunction with a good diet, frequent exercise, and appropriate sleep.
It is also critical to obtain PQQ from a trusted supplier and adhere to the prescribed dosage requirements. Before beginning PQQ intake, like with any supplement, it is best to consult with a healthcare practitioner, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have any underlying medical concerns.
PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone): Conclusion
Pyrroloquinoline quinone also known as PQQ is a famous nootropic pill that can improve your focus and cognitive abilities. PQQ can be found easily in natural food sources such as fruits and vegetables or even green tea and fermented soybeans. PQQ not only can improve your cognitive skills, but it can also offer help for your cardiovascular health. However, more research is required to understand the exact mode of action of PQQ.
In brief, it is believed that PQQ will react with mitochondria and induce the formation of new mitochondria. Due to a lack of studies, it is also unsure that PQQ would have what kind of interactions with other substances or medications. Hence, it is absolutely crucial to consult your family doctor before beginning supplementation.
References:
- Shiojima, Y., Takahashi, M., Takahashi, R., Moriyama, H., Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., & Akanuma, M. (2021). Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on cognitive function in healthy volunteers: a randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group study. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(8), 796–809.
- Itoh, Y., Hine, K., Miura, H., Uetake, T., Nakano, M., Takemura, N., & Sakatani, K. (2016). Effect of the antioxidant supplement pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (BIOPQQTM) on cognitive functions. In Advances in experimental medicine and biology (pp. 319–325).
- Tamakoshi, M., Suzuki, T., Nishihara, E., Nakamura, S., & Ikemoto, K. (2023). Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt improves brain function in both younger and older adults. Food & Function, 14(5), 2496–2501.
Important Note: The information contained in this article is for general informational purposes only, and should not be construed as health or medical advice, nor is it intended to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure any disease or health condition. Before embarking on any diet, fitness regimen, or program of nutritional supplementation, it is advisable to consult your healthcare professional in order to determine its safety and probable efficacy in terms of your individual state of health.
Regarding Nutritional Supplements Or Other Non-Prescription Health Products: If any nutritional supplements or other non-prescription health products are mentioned in the foregoing article, any claims or statements made about them have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and such nutritional supplements or other health products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
